Joshua M., 6

Joshua is 1st child of the family of 4, his father is a professional driver (Truck driver) and he hardly stay at home, he is pay daily depending on the work he does and his estimated income per month is around 50000. He mother sells fish in in the market and her income per month is 15000. They all live together in 1room rented apartment Absence of left tesls, empty left scrotal sac was noticed 4 years ago, associated with swelling in the groin along the inguinal canal. Upon presentation at clinic he has undescended testis.

He underwent proper medical evaluation followed by orchidopexy, a surgery to bring the undescended testis down into the scrotum and fix it in place. The procedure was successful, with the testis correctly positioned in the scrotum. He recovered well, with improved chances of normal testicular function and reduced risk of future complications.

Treatment for undescended testis typically involves surgery, known as orchiopexy. During this procedure, a surgeon relocates the testicle from its abnormal position in the abdomen or groin into the scrotum. This helps promote normal testicular development and function. Treatment is essential to prevent long-term complications, especially if the condition is identified in early childhood. An undescended testis (cryptorchidism) can lead to reduced fertility, an increased risk of testicular cancer, and a higher chance of testicular torsion. Other risks include inguinal hernias, trauma to the testicle, and potential psychological issues like poor self-image. There are also links to neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism, and ADHD.